Online TB-500

TRANSECT 05 · CITATION INDEX

TB-500 References — every cited specimen, with provenance

Twenty-one primary findings, five 2021-2025 recent studies, one co-administration note. Each entry links to the peer-reviewed source.

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TB-500 references — primary literature

Every TB-500 reference cited on this site is listed below with DOI, PMID, or direct URL where available. Citations are numbered in order of first appearance across the site. The list covers the foundational endothelial-chemotaxis work, the dermal- and ligament-repair studies, the cardiac-regeneration program, the corneal anti-inflammatory mechanism, the human Phase 1 through Phase 3 trials of full-length Tβ4, and the analytical-chemistry papers underlying current anti-doping enforcement. Twenty-one primary findings, five recent-studies entries from 2021-2025, and one co-administration note.

Primary preclinical and clinical citations

Citations [1] through [21] are the primary preclinical, clinical, and analytical sources cited across the index, research, dosage, side-effects, and FAQ pages. See the references_index field on every page for the canonical numbering.

Recent studies (2021-2025)

The 2021-2025 tail of the literature is indexed as [recent1] through [recent5] and covers the engineered tandem-Tβ4 corneal-healing work [recent1], the 2022 cardiac-fibrosis replication [recent2], the 2021 functional review [recent3], the 2021 first-in-human recombinant-Tβ4 Phase 1 [recent4], and the 2021 hair-follicle biology review [recent5].

Co-administration note

Citation [common] indexes the preclinical and anecdotal co-administration record for TB-500 and BPC-157, as discussed in the research-section H2 above. No controlled human study has evaluated the combination.

  1. Malinda KM, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta 4 stimulates directional migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. FASEB Journal. 1997. ↗
  2. Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, Banaudha K, Maheshwari RK, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1999. ↗
  3. Philp D, Badamchian M, Scheremeta B, Nguyen M, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4 and a synthetic peptide containing its actin-binding domain promote dermal wound repair in db/db diabetic mice and in aged mice. Wound Repair and Regeneration. 2003. ↗
  4. Xu TJ, Wang Q, Ma XW, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Xue XC, Zhang C, Hao Q, Li WN, Zhang YQ, Li M. Thymosin β4 enhances the healing of medial collateral ligament injury in rat. Regulatory Peptides. 2013. ↗
  5. Ehrlich HP, Hazard SW 3rd. Thymosin beta4 enhances repair by organizing connective tissue and preventing the appearance of myofibroblasts. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2010. ↗
  6. Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD, Dimaio JM, Srivastava D. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004. ↗
  7. Smart N, Risebro CA, Melville AA, Moses K, Schwartz RJ, Chien KR, Riley PR. Thymosin β4 induces adult epicardial progenitor mobilization and neovascularization. Nature. 2007. ↗
  8. Philp D, St-Surin S, Cha HJ, Moon HS, Kleinman HK, Elkin M. Thymosin beta 4 induces hair growth via stem cell migration and differentiation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2007. ↗
  9. Sosne G, Qiu P, Christopherson PL, Wheater MK. Thymosin beta 4 suppression of corneal NFκB: a potential anti-inflammatory pathway. Experimental Eye Research. 2007. ↗
  10. Tokura Y, Nakayama Y, Fukada S, Nara N, Yamamoto H, Matsuda R, Hara T. Muscle injury-induced thymosin β4 acts as a chemoattractant for myoblasts. Journal of Biochemistry. 2011. ↗
  11. Cha HJ, Jeong MJ, Kleinman HK. Role of thymosin β4 in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003. ↗
  12. Sosne G, Dunn SP, Kim C. Thymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial conducted using the controlled adverse environment (CAE) model. Clinical Ophthalmology. 2015. ↗
  13. Sosne G, Ousler GW, Kim S, Kang YS, Yates K, Cook JL, Hennessy E. 0.1% RGN-259 (Thymosin β4) Ophthalmic Solution Promotes Healing and Improves Comfort in Neurotrophic Keratopathy Patients in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Masked Phase III Clinical Trial. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023. ↗
  14. Ruff D, Crockford D, Girardi G, Zhang Y. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2010. ↗
  15. RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals / ReGenTree. ARISE-3 Dry Eye Trial topline results (NCT02974907 ARISE-2 / NCT02525692 ARISE-1). 2021. ↗
  16. Ho EN, Kwok WH, Wong AS, Wan TS. Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β4, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 2012. ↗
  17. Crockford D, Turjman N, Allan C, Angel J. Animal studies with thymosin β4, a multifunctional tissue repair and regeneration peptide. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2010. ↗
  18. Ock SA, Park JI, Choi I, Hwang KC, Kim JR, Kim S. Thymosin β4 stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor-1α protein in an oxygen-independent manner. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2012. ↗
  19. Esposito S, Deventer K, Goeman J, Van der Eycken J, Van Eenoo P. Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2012. ↗
  20. Qiu P, Wheater MK, Qiu Y, Sosne G. Thymosin β4 inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation, IL-8 expression, and the sensitizing effects by its partners PINCH-1 and ILK. FASEB Journal. 2011. ↗
  21. Grant DS, Rose W, Yaen C, Goldstein A, Martinez J, Kleinman H. Thymosin beta4 enhances endothelial cell differentiation and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis. 1999. ↗
  22. Sosne G, et al. Engineered Tandem Thymosin Peptide Promotes Corneal Wound Healing. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science (IOVS). 2025. ↗
  23. Wei C, et al. Thymosin β4 Protects against Cardiac Damage and Subsequent Cardiac Fibrosis in Mice with Myocardial Infarction. Stem Cells International. 2022. ↗
  24. Xing Y, Ye Y, Zuo H, Li Y. Progress on the Function and Application of Thymosin β4. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2021. ↗
  25. Li Q, et al. First-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 in healthy Chinese volunteers. Clinical and Translational Science. 2021. ↗
  26. Gao X, Liang H, Hou F, et al. Multiple potential roles of thymosin β4 in the growth and development of hair follicles. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 2021. ↗
  27. Common stack-protocol context: TB-500 (actin-sequestration / Tβ4 fragment) and BPC-157 (gastric pentadecapeptide acting via VEGFR2 / NO pathways) are mechanistically distinct molecules co-administered in anecdotal recovery protocols. No controlled human study has evaluated the combination; preclinical co-administration data are limited.